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Sunday, August 23, 2020
Friday, August 21, 2020
George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: essays research papers
George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Who is watching us? Who makes a decision about us? What's more, in particular who controls us? In George Orwell’s epic 1984, Big Brother was accountable for all these critical parts of everyone’s lives. This book which was composed some time before 1984 can truly happen at whenever and anyplace. The ideas and topics of this book are genuine and extremely terrifying. May be telescreens don't exist yet V-chips and Pentium III PCs are a lot of alive. Despite the fact that we live in present day times how would we realize who is crazy? The world is level and the planets rotate around Earth were once normal articulations. At long last do we control ourselves in this Democratic nation or are we just manikins moving to the high and ground-breaking wealthy individuals from our general public. Or on the other hand perhaps G-d himself is the person who causes us to do the things we do. Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã The thought police search out and fix the confused individuals who essentially think excessively. They take a gander at you step by step to perceive what you are doing and how u are getting along it. I think more intriguing than the idea police are the instructing of the ethics of the land to the kids. They are shown the methods of Ingsoc. They know directly from wrong. One of Winston’s peers was removed on the grounds that his own girl told the idea police on him. In this general public kids are at school more than they are even home. It is truly conceivable to have a closer relationship with an instructor than with a parent. In addition, Big Brother and the inward party encourage that it is just “you and the gathering';. Which means the gathering is individualized. This permits the gathering to work pleasantly in light of the fact that individuals don't make associations with others just to the gathering. Individuals in Oceania are rarely taken of f alone. In the event that you are distant from everyone else and you are not resting this would be taken a gander at by the idea police. To keep individuals involved there are abhor talks so as to demonstrate your affection to Big Brother and Hate to the restricting nation that Oceania is at war with. Everybody has an occupation and they are numerous associations to have a place with like the lesser enemy of sex group. Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Surveillance is an alarming thing. On the off chance that you realized that wherever you turned you were being recorded it could make you insane.
Tuesday, July 14, 2020
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Self-Esteem
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Self-Esteem GAD Coping Print Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Self-Esteem By William Meek Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on June 20, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on September 19, 2019 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Spencer Platt / Staff / Getty Images People who struggle with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) often find themselves struggling with low self-esteem. They may have poor confidence in themselves or think they are worthless. This can be a harmful symptom of GAD with long-lasting implications. The following is a brief overview of self-esteem theory and some ideas on how you can improve your opinion of yourself. Theory Self-esteem theory states that we have evolved to experience social inclusion and avoidance emotionally. Essentially, it is believed that our self-esteem level is determined by how much acceptance or rejection we experience in the social world. Our self-esteem is developed due to how we view other people reacting to us. Therefore, someone who experiences a lot of acceptance will have higher self-esteem and those who experience more ?rejection would have lower self-esteem. The problem for most people is that they struggle to accurately read the amount of acceptance and rejection in their lives, leading people to have low self-esteem when they are actually very intelligent and loved. This can be magnified for people who have anxiety problems related to other people.?? See What Is Really There One quick way to change your self-esteem is to actually examine the levels of acceptance and rejection you experience. While we tend to focus on the negative, such as people who are rude to us or avoid us, we usually have more people that care for us that we often overlook. Take a close look at the number of people in your life that care for you and then the amount that neglects you. Most folks will find a larger number of people that accept them than reject, which should translate into better feelings and self-esteem. However, if more people are avoiding you, take a good look at why and consider making some personal changes. Particularly if you have anxiety, your stress and worrying can be exhausting for others. Seeking therapy and help for GAD can help manage your symptoms and improve interpersonal relationships. Take Action Many people with self-esteem are simply trying to avoid losing rather than gaining. Therefore, many people with lower self-esteem become paralyzed with inaction. Finding the courage to branch out, make new friends, and increase the level of positive social engagement can be very impactful to your self-esteem. This, again, can be difficult for people with GAD if there are problems meeting new people or feeling judged. Working with a therapist to make this happen can be helpful. Remembering the Good Things People with low self-esteem tend to beat themselves up internally. Their subconscious thoughts tend to focus on self-defeat and limitations. This can be compounded for people with GAD or other anxiety issues. Take some time during the day to remember the good things about yourself and celebrate your achievements and accomplishments. Writing down good moments and successes can give you concrete reminders of what you are capable of during your low moments. If you have GAD and struggle with low self-esteem, talk to your therapist. There are many treatment options, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication, that can help manage low self-esteem and help you reach your full potential. How Self-Esteem Affects Social Anxiety Disorder
Thursday, May 21, 2020
Examination of the Privacy Act of 1974 and Its Effect on...
HRM 630 - Week Four Assignment - ââ¬Å"Examination of the Privacy Act of 1974 and its Effect on Federal Employmentâ⬠Brian Brillo National University - HRM 630: Legal, Ethical and Safety Issues in Human Resource Management July 29, 2010 Abstract This paper is an examination of the Privacy Act of 1974, which includes research of the history, relevancy, strengths, weaknesses, and current trends of the process, and examples of current challenges with the Privacy Act within Federal employment. This paper is influenced by the theories and readings for Week Four of the Legal, Ethical and Safety Issues in Human Resource Management (HRM 630) Course. The comparisons set forth within this paper will include theories found inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦While the Federal Government enacted the Privacy Act in order to create these twelve conditions for the Agency to follow, it also enacted consequences for violations of the Act. In an article entitled Can an Agency be Punished for Improperly Contacting a Physician?, Cyberfeds Legal Editor Rebecca E. Lawrence, Esq. expresses that ââ¬Å"it is a violation of the claimants privacy rights to contact his physician without first attempting to obtain the desired information from the claimant. Only if the claimant fails to cooperate with the agency can the agency go directly to the physicianâ⬠. (Lawrence, 2010). As such, the rule of engagement for an Agency seeking medical documentation is the first go through the employee themselves to provide the requested medical documentation, and should such failure to cooperate be evident, then the Agency can request the documentation directl y. Ms. Lawrence also discusses the consequences for a Privacy Act violation as she states that monetary awards: ââ¬Å"will either be for the actual money the claimant lost because of the agencys violation or $1,000 per violation, whichever is greaterâ⬠. (Lawrence, 2010). However, it should be noted that while a monetary consequence for a Privacy Act violation may be the recourse for dealing withShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Constitution And Political System1187 Words à |à 5 Pagesaspects of the constitution and political system Political authority over the bureaucracy is not in one set of hands, but shared among several institutions In a parliament the authority is all in the prime minister Most of the agencies of the federal government share their functions with related agencies in state and local governments The institutions and traditions of American life have contributed to the growth of adversary culture, which protects the personal rights of people and the expansionRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed The Business Environment5148 Words à |à 21 Pagestransport and do business with each other in a more efficient way. o Invasion of Privacy: Technology advances in modern day society have made operating a business much easier, but these steps forward have also provided employers with the ability of sophisticated employee monitoring. This advance system is put in place to enhance worker productivity, however it has become a source of concern over a workerââ¬â¢s privacy. This has also lead to other questions such as how far can a employer go in controllingRead MoreEssay on The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison12486 Words à |à 50 Pageshalf of blacks in jail were unemployed before arrest and 44 percent of whites were.9 In 1991, 30 percent of whites in the prison population and 38 percent of blacks reported full- or part-time employment during the month before their arrest.10 4. Some studies suggest that race works to heighten the effects of economic condition on criminal justice outcomes, so that ââ¬Å"being unemployed and black substantially increase[s] the chances of incarceration over t hose associated with being either unemployedRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words à |à 1056 Pagespublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to theRead MoreAGR packet6261 Words à |à 26 Pages This Page Was Left Blank Intentionally. 10 APPLICATION FOR USAR ACTIVE GUARD RESERVE (AGR) DUTY (Applicant must read, complete as required, and sign front and back where indicated.) THIS FORM IS REPRODUCIBLE DATA REQUIRED BY THE PRIVICY ACT OF 1974 AUTHORITY: PRINCIPLE PURPOSE: ROUTINE USES: DISCLOSURE: 10 USC 12301(d), 10 USC 10211, and 10 USC 10302. To determine eligibility and schedule individual for Army Reserve AGR duty. To identify the applicant and issue orders. SSN is used to identifyRead MoreInformation System: A Module with Case13758 Words à |à 56 PagesPsychological Association. ACA DEM IC INTE GRITY Place comments here that are appropriate to your institution. INTELLECT UAL PRO PERT Y All materials in this course are copyrighted, including the course web site, syllabus, assignments, handouts and examinations. Copying course materials without the permission of the professor is prohibited. 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The National Commission was charged with: â⬠¢ Identifying the ethical principles to guide all research involving human subjects â⬠¢ Developing guidelines for the conduct of ethical research involving human subjects The Belmont Report identified three principles essential to the ethicalRead MoreDomino Pizza 2013 10k83576 Words à |à 335 PagesSTATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) x|ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934| For the fiscal year ended December 30, 2012 or |TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934| Commission File Number 001-32242 Dominoââ¬â¢?s Pizza, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) | | | DELAWARE| |38-2511577| (StateRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words à |à 604 Pagesââ" ââ" ââ" Economic and technological change Workforce availability and quality concerns Demographics and diversity issues Organizational restructuring Economic and Technological Change Several economic changes have occurred that have altered employment and occupational patterns in the United States. A major change is the shift of jobs from manufacturing and agriculture to service industries and telecommunications. This shift has meant that some organizations have had to reduce the number of employeesRead MoreMedia Law: Defamation, Copyright, Etc23627 Words à |à 95 Pagesthe various Australian jurisdictions than had existed beforehand. South Australia introduced the Defamation Act 2005 (SA) which commenced on 1 January 2006. The new Acts do not affect the operation of the general law in relation to the tort of defamation except to the extent that the Acts provide otherwise (whether expressly or by necessary implication): Defamation Act 2006 (SA) section 6. It is important to ensure that facts are correct prior to publication. Often it is the
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Cell Phones and Effects on Youth and Society - 3778 Words
Table of Contents Introduction: 2 History of mobile phone: 3 Impacts of mobile phone: 4 Biological impacts: 4 Cultural and social: 4 Positive impacts: 5 Survey report: 6 Statistics of cellular companies: 11 Conclusion: 13 Introduction: The mobile phones have created a revolution in the communications in todayââ¬â¢s world. While every youth is Bombarded with the ill effects on the health of the user of the mobile phones, does this information, in any way, impact the usage of the phone by the youth? How does mobile affect the relationship of the user and her/ his close relationships? The whole world is accepting and adopting the ways towards the advancement of technology. The youth is playing a vital role in this rapid pace.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Its hard to believe that fifteen years ago cell phones were a rarity. Technology has been growing at a rapid rate to accommodate the needs and desires of people in obtaining a simpler lifestyle. One of the greatest technologies to hit the 21st century is the cell phone. It has become a phenomenon and an addiction, to own a cell phone, that adolescents find it to be a necessity in oneââ¬â¢s life. This type of youth mentality of can lead to positive as well as negative effects on their culture. When mobile phones hit the high street over 10 years ago, not only did it give us the ability to communicate with friends, family and colleagues anytime and anywhere, but along the way it has also changed our social behavior and has made a huge cultural impact. Nowadays phones are not just simple devices we use to call someone ââ¬â with the rapidly moving pace of technology feeding the hunger of consumer desires for latest gadgets; phones can now be used as cameras, games consoles and mp3 players. The general consensus is that mobile phones are a wonderful invention that allows you to communicate with people anywhere in the world. On the other hand, it can be seen as a cause for the decline in social behaviour and the stunt in human development. The beginning history of cell phones is based upon radio technology that was developed from the 1940s onward. For instance the beginning of cell phones can be traced to the innovation in taxiShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Cell Phones1159 Words à |à 5 PagesAre Cell Phones Destroying a Generation? The onset of cell phones has had a great impact in the modern society, and especially the millennials or the teens, and as such it has led to the destruction of a generation. It is apparent that what researchers call the iGen, people born between the year 1995 and the year 2012, depend greatly on their cell phones and their well-being majorly depends on their cell phones (Twenge 188). Researchers also prove that the iGen value their cell phones more thatRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology On Youth1013 Words à |à 5 PagesIn todayââ¬â¢s modern society, technology is commonly thought of as a necessity. This thought can mainly associate with the youth of today. Youth of today can be described as children, teenagers, and young adults living in this day and age. Children and young adults alike have only lived in a world run by technology in their lifetime. Youth depends on technology because they do not know how to live without it. Modern technology includes cell phones, lap top s, television, and many other devices. TechnologyRead MoreCell phones have truly changed our lives Essay969 Words à |à 4 PagesI would choose cell phone as my cultural artifact. It has become such an important aspect of our lives making it the mainstay of todays society. The ever evolving technology of cell phone has made it so important in todays life that living without it seems tedious. Cell phones these days are more than just a device to communicate and talk to people. It has become a gadget that allows you to communicate via email, calls, and texts and even without balance in your cell phone you can now contactRead MoreThe Impact Of Pop Culture On The Music Industry1720 Words à |à 7 Pages The 1990ââ¬â¢s was a stepping ground for the development of society as it is today. Through television, music, art and technology American social structures experienced huge changes. Gone were the days of the Huxtables where nuclear families displayed perfect, well put together families. 80ââ¬â¢s music once filled with electric synthesizers and singers professing their love for their partners evolved into Hip Hop and Grunge music that discussed the grittiness of real life and the human struggle mostRead MoreTechnology And Technology Essay1046 Words à |à 5 Pages2009, the changes in telephonic communications and cellular telephone use grew to a staggering rate (Levy 287). 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Today, there are multiple purposes for cell phones which are verbal communication, email, social media, apps, and text messaging. Verbal communication no longer is the only way to communicate anymore rather text messaging today has become the preferred form of communication among college-aged youth and young adults. Although text messaging has become the most preferredRead MoreThe Effects Of Cell Phone Use On Teenagers1148 Words à |à 5 Pageshow addicting cell phones can become. Since there really is not evidence supporting the point that having a cell phone is on a cultural level or an economic status, the cell phone ââ¬Å"abuseâ⬠is most common in younger people, especially females. Cell phone use problems have been associated with certain values, like self-esteem, self identity, and self-image. There have also been studies on how stress, anxiety, and sometimes even depression have been associated with problematic cell phone use. 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ââ¬ÅSame-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalizedââ¬Â Free Essays
PONTICIFICA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA MDRE Y MAESTRA. RECINTO SANTO TOMAS DE AQUINO. Academic Writing ILE-322 Student Name: Leslie Herrera. We will write a custom essay sample on ââ¬Å"Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalizedâ⬠or any similar topic only for you Order Now ID Number: 2009-5699 Teacher: Emilia Gracia Final Draft: Essay 3. ââ¬Å"Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalizedâ⬠. July 18th 2012. Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized. As we know, same-sex marriage has been discussed and argued for a long time. Within the controversial topic of gay rights, thereââ¬â¢s no area more controversial than same-sex marriage. And all of us ask ourselves if same-sex marriage should be legal or not. But the fact is that we have to start thinking about it as a moral and religious topic. The government shouldnââ¬â¢t legalize the same-sex marriage because the legal definition of marriage is the civil union between a man and a woman, marriage is a religious rite, and also those couples will be able to adopt children if they are given the right to marry. Same-sex marriage is also known as gay marriage. Same-sex marriage is between two people of the same gender. The Netherlands became the first country to legalize same-sex marriage in 2001; in the United States of America, the first state to legalize same-sex marriage was Massachusetts, on May 17, 2004. According to ProCon. rg (2011), as of May 10, 2012, same-sex marriage has been legalized in eight states such as: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Lowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Washington, Maryland, and the District of Columbia which will be effective on January 1, 2013. This has become an even more controversial topic since these current legalizations of same-sex marriage. One argument against same-sex marriage i s that the legal definition of marriage is the civil union between a man and a woman. ââ¬Å"The institution of marriage has traditionally been defined as between a man and a womanâ⬠(ProCon. rg, 2011, Con Gay Marriage, à ¶1). Further, if any government gives the right to marry same-sex couples this traditional institution of marriage will weaken. ââ¬Å"Marriage runs contrary to two of the primary goals of the lesbian and gay movement: the affirmation of gay identity and culture and the validation of many forms of relationshipsâ⬠(ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage, à ¶8). Therefore, same-sex marriage is totally the opposite of the traditional institution of marriage; those are two things that cannot have the same rights, and actually God made us to be heterosexual no homosexual. In addition, marriage is a religious rite. ââ¬Å"Gay marriage is not compatible with the beliefs, sacred texts, and traditions of many religious groupsâ⬠(ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage, à ¶4). In fact, we know that most of the religions are opposing same-sex marriage, because they are always guided by the Bible and Godââ¬â¢s commandments and his teachings. ââ¬Å"Marriage was established by the Creator with its own nature, essential properties and purpose. No ideology can erase from the human spirit the certainty that marriage exists solely between a man and a womanâ⬠(ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage, à ¶12). If same-sex is legalized, churches and other religious institutions would be forced to change their rules in order to marry same-sex marriage couples. Furthermore, one of the biggest problems for society and probably the most important for new generations is that same-sex marriage would be that those couples will be able to adopt children if they are given the right to marry. ââ¬Å"The institution of marriage as a union of man and woman, uniquely involving the procreation and rearing of children within a family, is as old as the book of Genesisâ⬠(ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage, à ¶1). Children need both a mother and a father, because they learn a lot from each of them. ââ¬Å"Girls who are raised apart from their fathers are reportedly at higher risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy. Children without a mother are deprived of the emotional security and unique advice that mothers provideâ⬠(ProCon. org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage, à ¶6). Besides, same-sex marriage will intensify to the assimilation of homosexuals into a heterosexual culture. And probably that one of the facts that can affects the society the most, because if that happened our moral and religious values would be lost. The supporters and people who are for the same-sex marriage argue that they should have the right to civil marriage because of same marriage benefits, such as: health insurance and public acceptance which heterosexual couples have. Nevertheless, that argument of the supporters is irrelevant, because each person can have his or her own health insurance that provides their workplace, so they donââ¬â¢t need a family or spouse health insurance to have the same benefits as traditional marriage. On other hand, if the government were to legalize same-sex marriage the public acceptance is not guaranteed. Because people are that decided in what they are going to believe, maybe some people will accept this and a larger group of people disagrees. Therefore, the government donââ¬â¢t have to legalized the same-sex marriage in order to people accept homosexual family or marriage or to receive health insurance. Hence, no government should legalize same-sex marriage for all the facts that this action may involve, for example, those couples will be able to adopt children and also because of moral and religious values. Accordingly about what we have read, the legalization of same-sex marriage is an unmoral and unreligious action. I think that promoting homosexuality with government-backed same-sex marriage it would hurt our children, the generations that are growing, the country, and also the entire world. If a homosexual man or woman wants to get married, the only thing they need to do is choose not to be homosexual and marry someone of the opposite sex. Reference Pro. Con. org. (2011, January 9). Should gay marriage be legal?. Gay Marriage. Retrieved from http://www. gaymariage. procon. org How to cite ââ¬Å"Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalizedâ⬠, Essay examples
Friday, April 24, 2020
The Scientific Revolution DBQ Essay Example
The Scientific Revolution DBQ Essay Between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, natural philosophers, now known as scientists, founded a new world view on science, which was previously based on the Bible and classic philosophers like Aristotle and Ptolemy. Both people connected their natural studies directly to God and the Bible, creating ideas like a geocentric earth. With time and new ideas, scientists managed to developed methods for creating and discovering things in nature, and with enough resources and patronage, were able to answer asked and unasked questions. Science, however, was not supported by everyone, and had to face many challenges to achieve the power it maintains in todays world. Due to the strong authority that politics, religion, and common social order controlled in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, science was subjectively held in the hands of those who could utilize it or reject it. Religious authority typically rejected scientific ideas. In Document 12, Gottfried Leibniz stated in his book that he believed God governs minds as a Prince governs his subjects. The ideas that God puts forth in the Bible are that of truth-?despite the science that strenuously prove it incorrect. Scientists had to keep their scientific studies and experiments secretive cause much of what they proved contradicted Church teachings. In Document 1, Nicolas Copernicus speaks to Pope Paul Ill in his 1543 book, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres, asking for his support of the sciences, and telling him that the fate of scientific research lies in his hands. You, by your influence and judgment, can readily hold the slanders from biting, Copernicus claims, Mathematics are for mathematicians, and they, if I be not wholly deceived, will hold that my labors contribute even to the well being of the Church. This being, Copernicus hopes for the Churchs adoption f science, but knows that it is an obstacle to scientific research. Similarly, Document 3, a letter written by Giovanni Compile to Galileo in 161 5, contains a monk asking Galileo to defer his followers to rel igious authority when examining scientific matters. It is indispensable, therefore, to remove the possibility Of malignant rumors by repeatedly showing your willingness to defer to the authority of those who have jurisdiction over the human intellect, Compile claims as he knew science would constantly be questioned. He believed the church had the ultimate, final say in what was scientifically accurate, therefore limiting the credibility of proven scientific research. In conclusion, the church had little acceptance of the new teachings of natural philosophy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Revolution DBQ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Revolution DBQ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Revolution DBQ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Society, for the most part, also rejected scientific ideas. In Document 5, for example, Marine Emergence, a French monk and natural philosopher, writes to his noble patron asking for none else but approval of his research, which he and hundreds of other scientists have already painstakingly and carefully proved true. In this, the nobleman who funds his work has total control over what is published as scientific fact. My book is still in your hands and subject to your private judgment. If you object to anything, I am ready to remove it entirely, Emergence vows his patron, At least I am assured my experiments have been repeated more than 30 times, and some more than 100 times, before reliable witnesses, all who agree with my conclusions, he adds on knowingly. Even if scientific research is proved to be correct, its validity is still subject to the opinions of the person who funds it. The times mindset of social order also held women back from being able to study science and become known scientists. Document 9, a book geared toward a typically female audience, shows Margaret Cavendish desire to be able to explore the subject of natural philosophy, but because of her gender, simply cannot. Cavendish states that if she had the ability, she would set up her own school of natural philosophy, but that I, being a woman, do fear they would soon cast me out of their schools. This limits a whole gender of people who might have contributions they could make to science. Society also had the right to question the authority of scientists, and often wondered if what they were reading was right or wrong. In Document 7, English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, author of the Leviathan, writes that the doctrine of what is right and wrong is perpetually disputed both by the pen and by the sword, but geometry is not. He believed that in an insignificant field like geometry, very few men cared if what they were finding out was true or false because nobody s ambition or profit depended on it. Hobbes points out, however, that if a mathematicians idea conflicts the idea of another man with power, the thought would be challenged. Because of societys patterns of natural order, even if the mathematician is right, the ruler cannot allow the one who is of lesser power to be correct. This therefore shows how the power of an old, flawed idea restricts the emergence of a valid, new one. As a result of a flood of new scientific ideas, society, for the most part, stuck to their original archetypes, and rejected scientific ideas. While the Church and the traditional order of thought seem to reject the idea of allowing new inventions and theories into their perfectly contented society, they both do not seem to realize how science can make their practices even stronger. In terms of religious practices, Document 2, for example, features a passage from John Calvin as he explains why science only further proves God. This study should not be prohibited, nor this science condemned, because some frantic persons boldly reject whatever is unknown to them, Calvin explains, for astronomy is not only pleasant, but also very useful: it cannot be denied that this art unfolds the admirable wisdom of God. What is not known, or what cannot be explained, is God to John Calvin. The complexity of science only proves that there is a God out there. In terms f society, Document 6, a letter written by Secretary of the English Royal Society Henry Oldenburg to Johannes Hovels, states that if educated people formed friendships with other educated people, then it would be a great aid to the investigation and elucidation of the truth. He further concludes the thought by stating that Philosophy would then be raised to its greatest heights. Not only would science improve the bonds and social aspects of society, but science itself would improve, being that ideas would spread and be debated on a daily basis, requiring all educated people to have the retreat knowledge on the philosophy so they can have conversation with others. With the Churchs and society traditional archetypes general rejection Of scientific ideas, natural philosophers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries found one last place that, more than any other power of civilization, were able to use the s cientists discoveries. The government grasps the fact that they can utilize scientific research to their best abilities. This is evident in Document 10, a drawing depicting Louis Xiv visit to the French Royal Academy. In this artwork, published in 1671, the king and his posse stand in a room filled with technology and discoveries, pointing at different objects with interest. The artist clearly wants the viewer to see how politics find acceptance in the scientific world, and how they glorify the king for doing so. Similarly, in Document 1 1 , Jean Baptists Collect, a French finance minister, expresses positivist about the influence of science on the government. Because the splendor and happiness of the State consists not only in maintaining the glory of arms abroad, but also in displaying at home and abundance of wealth and in causing the arts and sciences to flourish, they state proudly, We have been persuaded for many years to establish several academies for both letters and science. With the employment of scientific discoveries in the government, both can benefit, being that war can become more high tech, and research can be more easily conducted. Considering that the happiness of the state depended on how well science flourished, scientists would then be pressured to keep working toward new technology and improvement of old ones. Natural philosophers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were constantly dependent on the criticism of religion, social archetypes, and politics, as they w ere the deciding factors to how science would be utilized or rejected.
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